Mention the following: (a) Any two causes of the Quit India Movement. (b) Any two causes of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

(a) Causes of the Quit India Movement (1942): (1) The failure of the Cripps Mission, which offered only Dominion Status after the war and gave provinces the right to secede — terms the Congress rejected as "a post-dated cheque on a crashing bank". (2) The fear of a Japanese invasion after the fall of Singapore and Burma, and popular discontent over wartime shortages, rising prices and the Bengal famine.

(b) Causes of the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930): (1) The Simon Commission of 1927, which had not a single Indian member and was met with black flags and the cry "Simon Go Back"; and the brutal lathi charge in which Lala Lajpat Rai was fatally injured. (2) The rejection of the Nehru Report and of the Congress demand for Dominion Status within a year, which led to the Lahore Session of 1929 declaring Purna Swaraj as the goal.

Two movements, two causes each, in three marks — so keep each cause to a sentence and make sure they belong to the RIGHT movement. Mixing up 1930 and 1942 is the commonest error, so fix the anchors: Civil Disobedience follows the Simon Commission and the Dandi March; Quit India follows the failure of the Cripps Mission. The two quotable phrases — "post-dated cheque" and "Simon Go Back" — are worth using; examiners recognise them immediately.