State any two causes for the Non-Cooperation Movement.

(1) The ROWLATT ACT of 1919 and the JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE of 13 April 1919 — the Act allowed arrest without warrant and detention without trial, and the massacre at Amritsar, followed by the Hunter Commission’s failure to punish General Dyer, destroyed Indian faith in British justice. (2) The KHILAFAT GRIEVANCE, which angered Indian Muslims and which Gandhiji joined to his own movement; and the disappointment of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, which fell far short of the self-government expected after India’s sacrifices in the war.

One mark each. Jallianwala Bagh is the strongest cause and must appear with its date. The point that earns the mark rather than half of it is WHY the massacre led to a movement: the Hunter Commission exonerated Dyer, and the House of Lords approved his action, which convinced Indians that justice was impossible under British rule.