Any three causes for Gandhi to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement.

(1) The ROWLATT ACT of 1919 and the JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE of 13 April 1919 — the Act allowed arrest without warrant and detention without trial, and the massacre at Amritsar, followed by the Hunter Commission’s failure to punish General Dyer, destroyed Indian faith in British justice. (2) The KHILAFAT GRIEVANCE — Indian Muslims were angered by the harsh treatment of Turkey after the war and the humiliation of the Sultan, who was their Khalifa. Gandhiji joined their cause to his own to unite Hindus and Muslims. (3) The DISAPPOINTMENT OF THE MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS of 1919, which fell far short of the self-government Indians expected after their sacrifices in the First World War, together with economic hardship — rising prices, heavy taxation and unemployment after the war.

One mark per cause. Jallianwala Bagh is the strongest and must appear with its date. What earns the full mark rather than half is explaining WHY the massacre produced a movement: the Hunter Commission exonerated Dyer and the House of Lords approved his action, which convinced Indians that justice under British rule was impossible. The Khilafat cause is what made this the first great joint Hindu-Muslim struggle.