Mention any two ways in which the independence of the judiciary is ensured in India.

(1) Security of tenure and service conditions — a judge holds office until the age of retirement and can be removed only by impeachment for proved misbehaviour or incapacity, and his salary, charged on the Consolidated Fund, cannot be reduced to his disadvantage during his term. (2) The conduct of a judge in the discharge of his duties cannot be discussed in Parliament or in any State Legislature, except during impeachment proceedings.

One mark each. Security of tenure and protected salaries are the safest pair, and the bar on discussing a judge’s conduct is the strongest third if you need it. The underlying principle worth stating in a line: the judiciary must be free of control by the Executive and the Legislature if it is to decide cases fearlessly — which is why each of these safeguards exists.