State any four methods that they advocated for the achievement of their aims.

(1) SWADESHI — the use and promotion of goods made in India, so as to build indigenous industry and injure British trade; Indian mills, banks and workshops were started. (2) BOYCOTT — the refusal to buy British goods or to use British institutions. Foreign cloth was publicly burnt, and government schools, colleges, courts and titles were shunned. (3) NATIONAL EDUCATION — the founding of Indian schools and colleges free of British control, teaching through Indian languages and fostering pride in Indian culture; the Bengal National College and the Bengal Technical Institute were set up. (4) PASSIVE RESISTANCE — non-co-operation with the government and the refusal to obey unjust laws, accepting the punishment that followed; they also used festivals, the press and popular symbols to carry the message to the masses.

Four marks, four methods, one mark each. The standard four are Swadeshi, boycott, national education and passive resistance — learn them as a set, since they are asked repeatedly. Give one concrete illustration with each; naming the Bengal National College, or the burning of foreign cloth, turns a list into an answer. Note that these same four methods reappear later in Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement — the Assertive Nationalists invented the vocabulary he inherited.