State three factors that led to the rise of Fascism.

(1) DISSATISFACTION WITH THE PEACE SETTLEMENT — although Italy had fought on the winning side, she was denied the territories promised by the secret Treaty of London of 1915. The sense of a "mutilated victory" created bitter resentment that Mussolini exploited. (2) ECONOMIC DISTRESS — the war left Italy with heavy debt, unemployment, inflation and food shortages; strikes and the seizure of land spread, and people lost faith in a government that could not help them. (3) WEAK GOVERNMENT AND THE FEAR OF COMMUNISM — a succession of unstable coalition ministries proved helpless, while the success of the Russian Revolution frightened industrialists, landowners and the middle classes into backing Mussolini, who promised order, discipline and national greatness. He came to power after the March on Rome in 1922.

One mark per factor. The phrase "mutilated victory" is Italy’s own and captures the grievance in two words. Note what distinguishes Italy from Germany: Italy was a VICTOR who felt cheated of promised gains; Germany was a DEFEATED power humiliated by Versailles. Both ended in dictatorship, from opposite starting points — and stating that contrast shows real understanding.