Explain the impact of the Swadeshi and Boycott movements as part of the Anti-Partition Movement.

(1) ECONOMIC IMPACT — the boycott of British goods hit imports hard, especially of cloth, salt and sugar, while Swadeshi gave a great impetus to Indian enterprise. Indian mills, banks, shops, insurance companies and handloom weaving were started, and foreign cloth was publicly burnt. (2) POLITICAL IMPACT — the movement turned the Congress from petitioning to ACTION, and drew in students, women, peasants and workers for the first time, so beginning the transformation of nationalism into a mass movement. Its success forced the British to ANNUL the partition in 1911. (3) CULTURAL IMPACT — national schools and colleges were founded, the Bengal National College and the Bengal Technical Institute among them; Rabindranath Tagore’s songs and the cry of Bande Mataram roused patriotic feeling, and pride in Indian culture and languages revived.

One mark per impact. Grouping them as economic, political and cultural guarantees three genuinely different points. The ANNULMENT of the partition in 1911 is the decisive proof of the movement’s success and must appear somewhere. The methods invented here — Swadeshi, boycott, national education — are exactly the ones Gandhiji inherited for Non-Cooperation fifteen years later, which is worth a closing line.