The President is the head of the State and exercises his/her powers on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. With reference to this, answer the following questions:
What are the three types of emergencies that can be proclaimed by the President?
Topic: Types of emergency
Answer
(1) NATIONAL EMERGENCY (Article 352) — declared when the security of India is threatened by war, external aggression or armed rebellion. It must be approved by Parliament within one month and then continues for six months at a time. (2) STATE EMERGENCY or PRESIDENT’S RULE (Article 356) — declared on a report from the Governor that the government of a State cannot be carried on in accordance with the Constitution. The President then assumes the functions of the State government. (3) FINANCIAL EMERGENCY (Article 360) — declared when the financial stability or credit of India is threatened. The President may then reduce the salaries of public servants, including the judges, and direct the States in financial matters.
One mark per emergency. Name each, give its Article, and state its trigger — the trigger is what distinguishes them and is what the examiner checks. Fix the three articles together: 352 national, 356 State, 360 financial. Papers frequently give the situation and ask which emergency applies, so the trigger matters more than the name.