Join the following sentences to make one complete sentence without using and, but or so.
We have had no respect for nature. Now we are suffering from the effects of global warming.
Topic: Synthesis — clause of reason
Answer
We are now suffering from the effects of global warming because we have had no respect for nature. (Also acceptable: Having had no respect for nature, we are now suffering from the effects of global warming.)
CAUSE AND EFFECT again, and the DIRECTION is what matters: the disrespect for nature is the CAUSE, the suffering is the EFFECT. Reversing them — "we have had no respect for nature because we are suffering" — is nonsense.
Note the TENSES, which must both be kept: "have had" (present perfect, a state continuing to now) and "are suffering" (present continuous, happening now). Both are present-related, so unlike question (ii) above no backshift is needed.
The participial version is again available and avoids a conjunction: "Having had no respect for nature, we are now suffering..."
Two of the four synthesis questions in this paper are cause-and-effect. Together with contrast, these two relationships account for most of the question type.