Mention any four changes made in the army after the Revolt.

(1) The proportion of European to Indian soldiers was greatly increased — roughly one European to two Indians in the Bengal Army — and the total number of Indian troops was reduced. (2) All higher posts in the army, and the artillery entirely, were reserved for Europeans; Indians were excluded from command and from the artillery. (3) Regiments were organised on the basis of caste, community and region and deliberately mixed, so that the soldiers of one group could be used to check another — the policy of divide and rule applied to the army. (4) Recruitment shifted to the so-called "martial races" — Sikhs, Gurkhas and Pathans, who had remained loyal — while the communities that had risen, such as the Awadhis and Bengalis, were classed as non-martial and largely excluded.

Four marks, four changes, one mark each. The purpose behind every reform is the same and should be stated once: to make another united rising impossible. That single sentence turns a list into an explanation. The "martial races" policy is the point most often omitted, and it is the most revealing, since it shows the British selecting their soldiers by political loyalty rather than ability.