Mention any two economic factors responsible for the growth of nationalism in India.

(1) The DRAIN OF WEALTH — India’s resources were systematically exploited for Britain’s benefit through home charges, the salaries and pensions of British officials and the profits remitted abroad. Dadabhai Naoroji’s Drain Theory showed this to be the root cause of Indian poverty. (2) The DESTRUCTION OF INDIAN INDUSTRY — heavy duties on Indian goods entering England, while British machine-made goods entered India almost free, ruined the handicrafts and textile industry and threw millions of artisans and weavers out of work; famines and the commercialisation of agriculture impoverished the peasantry.

One mark each. Both must be ECONOMIC — political grievances such as the Ilbert Bill or the Arms Act belong to a different question. The Drain Theory is the strongest single point, and naming Dadabhai Naoroji with it earns credit: he gave the national movement its first economic argument against British rule. The connecting idea worth stating: British policy turned India from an exporter of manufactures into a supplier of raw materials and a market for British goods.